The terms ‘conceptual framework’ and ‘theoretical framework’ are commonly used in referring to the overall structure that shapes a research project. However, there are subtle differences between the two. This article sets out to clarify these differences along with providing pointers on how to go about constructing each framework.
Let’s begin by seeing the difference between a concept and a theory.
Concept vs. theory
- A concept is an idea that has been formally developed and organised.
- A theory is a set of concepts, models, principles, definitions etc. that make sense of a phenomenon by determining relationships among variables. Theories are established and validated by experiments and evidence.
Purpose of conceptual framework
A conceptual framework is like a roadmap for your study, helping you visualise your research project and put it into action. It defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they might relate to each other.
Conceptual frameworks have different uses in different types of studies.
- In quantitative studies, a conceptual framework might be used to determine survey questions or data points, or to generate a hypothesis for explanations and predictions.
- In qualitative studies, a conceptual framework might be used to provide a working hypothesis or a set of research questions, or to identify or explore categories in descriptive research.
Purpose of theoretical framework
A theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory/theories underpinning the research problem. Thus, theoretical frameworks support research by describing and/or drawing from relevant theoretical aspects obtained in previous work.
Note:
- In master’s research, there might be one or two theoretical frameworks.
- For a PhD, which warrants original research that provides a substantial contribution of new knowledge, three or more theoretical frameworks might be involved.
Conceptual vs. theoretical framework
Here’s a summary of the key differences between the two frameworks.
| Conceptual Framework | Theoretical Framework |
| It is more about the approach that a researcher takes in answering a research question. | It is developed from existing theory/theories. |
| It is derived from concepts. | It is derived from theory. |
| A conceptual framework is composed of several concepts. Further, a conceptual framework may include a theoretical framework. | By itself, one theory alone can serve as a theoretical framework. |
| Conceptual frameworks identify factors influencing a particular field, e.g., exploration of ‘masquerade’ mimicry in animals based on phenomena such as protective mimicry, crypsis and aposematism. | A theoretical framework arises from outcomes beyond a single study, based on one or more theories, e.g. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. |
Constructing a conceptual framework
A conceptual framework is created before you start your experiments. It may be in a written or diagrammatic format, representing expected relationships between variables. You can even combine or modify existing frameworks.
Constructing a theoretical framework
- Read and review the literature to identify long-standing themes and the main concern(s) for the inquiry.
- List all constructs and variables and consider how the variables are related to a theory.
Conceptual and theoretical frameworks: Example
Suppose you want to investigate if nutmeg finches visiting bird feeders in cities have better fitness than those in the wild. You will develop a conceptual framework outlining the variables to study and how you expect them to relate to each other (see Figure 1).
Your conceptual framework may include a theoretical framework as well: say, you want to relate the observed phenomena with certain ecological theories. In the example in Figure 1, the ‘optimal search theory’ and ‘optimal foraging theory’ provide a lens through which the variables should be explored.
Figure 1. Example of a conceptual framework for a fictional study about the fitness of nutmeg finches visiting bird feeders versus those foraging in the wild.
End note
It is important to develop these frameworks in the early stages of your study to guide your thinking and enable you to visualise linkages between various concepts and theories. A framework can make research findings more meaningful, providing a solid foundation for the study.
Maximise your publication success with Charlesworth Author Services.
Charlesworth Author Services, a trusted brand supporting the world’s leading academic publishers, institutions and authors since 1928.
To know more about our services, visit: Our Services
FAQs
While the theoretical framework outlines how more abstract-level theories shape the study, the conceptual framework operationalizes the empirical observations that can be connected to theory and broader understanding. Understanding these differences is crucial when designing and conducting your research study.
Do you need both conceptual and theoretical frameworks? ›
As such, a theoretical framework in addition to representing a review of theories relevant to a study serves as the fundamental basis for developing a conceptual model. Therefore, depending on the context of a study, both theoretical framework and conceptual model are necessary.
What is the difference between a conceptual and theoretical framework for focusing a research question? ›
These elements are important in shaping the construction of new knowledge. Theoretical frameworks offer a way to explain and interpret the studied phenomenon, while conceptual frameworks clarify assumptions about the studied phenomenon.
What is the relationship between theory and conceptual framework? ›
A conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories (in part or whole) as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the literature. It is used to show relationships among these ideas and how they relate to the research study.
How to combine theoretical and conceptual frameworks? ›
How do you align the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of mixed methods research?
- Step 1: Identify your research paradigm. Be the first to add your personal experience.
- Step 2: Choose your theoretical framework.
- Step 3: Develop your conceptual framework. ...
- Step 4: Align your frameworks. ...
- Here's what else to consider.
Purpose and Importance of a Conceptual Framework in Research
It justifies the study to the reader. It helps you check your own understanding of the problem and the need for the study. It illustrates the expected relationship between the variables and defines the objectives for the research.
What is a major distinction between a conceptual framework and theory? ›
A theoretical framework provides the theoretical underpinnings of your work based on current original research. However, a conceptual framework allows you to develop your findings by mapping out the variables you may utilize in your study and how they interact.
When to use a theoretical framework? ›
A theoretical framework is used to limit the scope of the relevant data by focusing on specific variables and defining the specific viewpoint (framework) that the researcher will take in analyzing and interpreting the data to be gathered, understanding concepts and variables according to the given definitions, and ...
What is an example of a theoretical framework? ›
The example of a theoretical framework comprises the problem statement, research question, and relevant literature review. A well formulated example of a theoretical framework is essential to guide your research and methodology to explain and summarize your findings convincingly.
What is an example of a conceptual framework statement? ›
An example of a Conceptual Framework in a quantitative study could be exploring the direct relation between years of education and income levels. The variables, in this case, are easily quantifiable (years of education and income), and the relationship can be empirically tested to generate statistical findings.
Brainstorm all the possible factors that could affect each dependent variable. Propose relationships among the variables and determine any associations that exist between all variables. Use a flowchart or tree diagram to present your conceptual framework.
How many theories should be in a theoretical framework? ›
The theory should guide your study and include the variables or constructs of your study. If you intend to use two or three theories, you need to have a very good reason for doing so, and all of your selected theories should include the variables presented in your research questions.
How are conceptual framework and theoretical framework similar? ›
The theoretical framework and conceptual framework help to determine the purpose of scientific research, facilitate the analysis of data, organize the thoughts of researchers, increase the reliability of research, and ensure that research is shared in a wide area.
What is the difference between a concept and a theory? ›
A concept is an idea that has been formally developed and organised. A theory is a set of concepts, models, principles, definitions etc. that make sense of a phenomenon by determining relationships among variables. Theories are established and validated by experiments and evidence.
What are the three main elements of the conceptual frame? ›
A conceptual framework includes the key process parameters, defining variables, and cause-and-effect relationships. To add to this, the primary focus while developing a conceptual framework should remain on the quality of questions being raised and addressed through the framework.
Do all research papers need a theoretical framework? ›
While all research should have a clear research question, methodology, and data analysis plan, it is not always necessary for it to have a theoretical framework.
What is necessary in the theoretical and conceptual framework? ›
Answer: "Independent Variable and Dependent Variable" is a part of research that is necessary in the theoretical and conceptual framework.
Is it okay to have two theoretical framework? ›
Yes, it is absolutely fine to combine two theories in your work under the heading THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. However, at the end of your study, perhaps in the DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS stage, you will need to discuss which of the theories you proposed agreed with your findings more and how?
Is a theoretical framework needed in qualitative research? ›
In qualitative research, a theoretical framework is used to guide the research process. The theoretical framework provides a foundation for the research and helps shape the research plan.
