1. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C.The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med1985;312(19):1205–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Holub DJ, Holub BJ.Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils and cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem2004;263(1–2):217–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Galano JM, Roy J, Durand T, Lee J, Le Guennec J-Y, Oger C, et al.Biological activities of non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (NEO-PUFAs) derived from EPA and DHA: New anti-arrhythmic compounds?Mol Aspects Med2018;64:161–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Innes JK, Calder PC.Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids2018;132:41–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Calder PC.Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans2017;45(5):1105–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Ungaro F, Rubbino F, Danese S, D’Alessio S.Actors and Factors in the Resolution of Intestinal Inflammation: Lipid Mediators As a New Approach to Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol2017;8:1331. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Pantzaris MC, Loukaides GN, Ntzani EE, Patrikios IS.A novel oral nutraceutical formula of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with vitamins (PLP10) in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept clinical trial. BMJ Open2013;3(4). [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Harbige LS, Sharief MK.Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Br J Nutr2007;98Suppl 1:S46–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Riccio P.The molecular basis of nutritional intervention in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review. Complement Ther Med2011;19(4):228–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Calder PC.Intravenous Lipid Emulsions to Deliver Bioactive Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Improved Patient Outcomes. Mar Drugs2019;17(5). [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Rajaei E, Mowla K, Ghorbani A, Bahadoram S, Bahadoram M, Dargahi-Malamir M.The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving DMARDs Therapy: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Glob J Health Sci2015;8(7):18–25. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD.Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease--fishing for a natural treatment. BMJ2004;328(7430):30–5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C.Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr Rev2010;68(5):280–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Simopoulos AP.Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects. World Rev Nutr Diet2003;92:1–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Kang JX.The importance of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cell function. The gene transfer of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2003;92:23–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Serhan CN, Gotlinger K, Hong S, Lu Y, Siegelman J, Baer T, et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 and its natural stereoisomers: assignments of dihydroxy-containing docosatrienes. J Immunol2006;176(3):1848–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Serhan CN, Clish CB, Brannon J, Colgan SP, Chiang N, Gronert K.Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing. J Exp Med2000;192(8):1197–204. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Hong S, Gronert K, Devchand PR, Moussignac RL, Serhan CN.Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood, and glial cells. Autacoids in anti-inflammation. J Biol Chem2003;278(17):14677–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Neuhofer A, Zeyda M, Mascher D, Itariu BK, Murano I, Leitner L, et al.Impaired local production of proresolving lipid mediators in obesity and 17-HDHA as a potential treatment for obesity-associated inflammation. Diabetes2013;62(6):1945–56. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A.Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids & their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat2019;143:106337. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Espersen GT, Grunnet N, Lervang HH, Nielsen GL, Thomsen BS, Faarvang KL, et al.Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Rheumatol1992;11(3):393–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ.The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr1996;63(1):116–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Ye P, Li J, Wang S, Xie A, Sun W, Xia J.Eicosapentaenoic acid disrupts the balance between Tregs and IL-17+ T cells through PPARgamma nuclear receptor activation and protects cardiac allografts. J Surg Res2012;173(1):161–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Novak TE, Babco*ck TA, Jho DH, Helton WS, Espat NJ.NF-kappa B inhibition by omega -3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol2003;284(1):L84–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Babco*ck TA, Novak T, Ong E, Jho DH, Helton WS, Espat NJ.Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by omega-3 fatty acid is associated with differential cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and is independent of interleukin-10. J Surg Res2002;107(1):135–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. Zhao Y, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, Chen LH.Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression by preventing NF-kappaB activation. J Am Coll Nutr2004;23(1):71–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Trebble T, Arden NK, Stroud MA, Wootton SA, Burdge GC, Miles EA, et al.Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 production by mononuclear cells following dietary fish-oil supplementation in healthy men and response to antioxidant cosupplementation. Br J Nutr2003;90(2):405–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Kang JX, Wang J, Wu L, Kang ZB.Transgenic mice: fat-1 mice convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. Nature2004;427(6974):504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Wei D, Li J, Shen M, Jia W, Chen N, Chen T, et al.Cellular production of n-3 PUFAs and reduction of n-6-to-n-3 ratios in the pancreatic beta-cells and islets enhance insulin secretion and confer protection against cytokine-induced cell death. Diabetes2010;59(2):471–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Pompos LJ, Fritsche KL.Antigen-driven murine CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production are diminished by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr2002;132(11):3293–3300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Bi X, Li F, Liu S, Jin Y, Zhang X, Yang T, et al.ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest2017;127(5):1757–71. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Mizota T, Fujita-Kambara C, Matsuya N, Hamasaki S, f*ckudome T, Goto H, et al.Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on Th1/Th2 polarization in lymphocytes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2009;33(4):390–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Comalada M, Olivares M, Xaus J.Dietary fish oil n-3 fatty acids increase regulatory cytokine production and exert anti-inflammatory effects in two murine models of inflammation. Lipids2006;41(12):1115–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Khair-el-Din TA, Sicher SC, Vazquez MA, Wright WJ, Lu CY.Docosahexaenoic acid, a major constituent of fetal serum and fish oil diets, inhibits IFN gamma-induced Ia-expression by murine macrophages in vitro. J Immunol1995;154(3):1296–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Hughes DA, Pinder AC.N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the expression of functionally associated molecules on human monocytes and inhibit antigen-presentation in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol1997;110(3):516–23. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Leslie CA, Gonnerman WA, Ullman MD, Hayes KC, Franzblau C, Cathcart ES.Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice. J Exp Med1985;162(4):1336–49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Ierna M, Kerr A, Scales H, Berge K, Griinari M.Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord2010;11:136. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Volker DH, FitzGerald PE, Garg ML.The eicosapentaenoic to docosahexaenoic acid ratio of diets affects the pathogenesis of arthritis in Lew/SSN rats. J Nutr2000;130(3):559–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Woo SJ, Lim K, Park SY, Jung MY, Lim HS, Jeon MG, et al.Endogenous conversion of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuates K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis in fat-1 mice. J Nutr Biochem2015;26(7):713–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Adkins Y, Soulika AM, Mackey B, Kelley DS.Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) Ameliorated the Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Lipids2019;54(1):13–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Kremer JM, Bigauoette J, Michalek AV, Timchalk MA, Lininger L, Rynes RI, et al.Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet1985;1(8422):184–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Kremer JM, Lawrence DA, Jubiz W, DiGiacomo R, Rynes R, Bartholomew LE, et al.Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Arthritis Rheum1990;33(6):810–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Veselinovic M, Vasiljevic D, Vucic V, Arsic A, Petrovic S, Tomic-Lucic A, et al.Clinical Benefits of n-3 PUFA and -Linolenic Acid in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients2017;9(4). [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Lourdudoss C, Wolk A, Nise L, Alfredsson L, Vollenhoven RV.Are dietary vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and folate associated with treatment results in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis? Data from a Swedish population-based prospective study. BMJ Open2017;7(6):e016154. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Bahadori B, Uitz E, Thonhofer R, Trummer M, Pestemer-Lach I, McCarty M, et al.omega-3 Fatty acids infusions as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2010;34(2):151–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Beyer K, Lie SA, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Brun JG, Bolstad AI.Marine ω-3, vitamin D levels, disease outcome and periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis outpatients. Nutrition2018;55–56:116–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. van der Tempel H, Tulleken JE, Limburg PC, Muskiet FA, van Rijswijk MH.Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis1990;49(2):76–80. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG.Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res2012;43(5):356–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. Gioxari A, Kaliora AC, Marantidou F, Panagiotakos DP.Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition2018;45:114–124. e114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. Beckmann JS, Lew D.Reconciling evidence-based medicine and precision medicine in the era of big data: challenges and opportunities. Genome Med2016;8(1):134. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51. Chilton FH, Dutta R, Reynolds LM, Sergeant S, Mathias RA, Seeds MC.Precision Nutrition and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Personalized Supplementation Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases. Nutrients2017;9(11). [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52. Li X, Bi X, Wang S, Zhang Z, Li F, Zhao AZ.Therapeutic Potential of omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol2019;10:2241. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
